tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45997899113572039592024-03-12T18:30:24.652-07:00Greenberg's IP Buzz BlogProf Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.comBlogger37125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-81648348386483783672014-12-05T14:38:00.000-08:002014-12-05T14:38:19.679-08:00The Cassady to Kerouac Letter - A Fascinating Legal Battle<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A fascinating legal battle is shaping up regarding
the ownership of "The Joan Anderson Letter", a December 17, 1950
letter written by Beat prototype Neal Cassady to Jack Kerouac. The letter's
value stems from its stream-of-consciousness style - which is generally
accepted to have served as the template for Kerouac's 1957 book "On the
Road" - the Bible of the Beatnik movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cassady wrote the letter and sent it to
Kerouac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometime in 1951 or 1952,
Kerouac gave the letter to his friend and fellow author, Allen Ginsberg. The
provenance of the letter thereafter is a mystery, and it was long considered
lost to the ages. Then, in 2011, the letter was found among the papers of Los
Angeles record producer Jack Spinosa. His daughter Jean found it, and after
spending several years authenticating it, has now offered it for auction.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Which brings us to the cast of claimants for the
letter. The estate of the letter's author, Neal Cassady, claims that the
copyright in the letter is the property of the Estate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Estate of Jack Kerouac claims the letter,
presumably on the grounds that by sending it to Kerouac, Cassady transferred
any ownership rights to Kerouac. And the Estate of Jack Spinosa claims the
letter, on the grounds that Mr. Spinosa apparently came into valid ownership of
it sometime after Kerouac gave it to Ginsberg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As the finder of lost property, Jean Spinosa can claim the letter under
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of ownership against everyone other than the true owner, whom in this case she
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Historians of the Beat era don't have a horse in
this race, but are anxiously standing by to see who ends up with ownership of
the letter, in the hopes that the new owner will either donate it to a museum
or archive, or otherwise make it available for review and use by scholars. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As
for me, it looks like a great law school exam problem! Keep your eyes on this
one - some new law may come out of it as to ownership of this kind of intellectual
property.</span></div>
Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-9984281518487358932014-06-30T15:23:00.000-07:002014-06-30T15:24:24.002-07:00I'm Back with a New Book, Law Firm and More!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I'm Back! It's been two years since my last blog post here -
why so long?...I've been busy! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Over the past two years, I've</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<ol>
<li>Taught two
semesters as a visiting professor at William Boyd School of Law, at the
University of Nevada - Los Vegas (teaching property law and cyberlaw); and </li>
<li>Joined
a newly formed law firm, Sycamore Legal, P.C., based in San Francisco, as an
attorney of counsel. This gives me a great new platform to work with clients on
matters dealing with both transactions and litigation in high-tech, business
start-ups, content licensing, entertainment, copyright, trademark and real
estate law. To find out more about the firm, check out www.sycamorelegal.com;
and to contact me there, email marc@sycamorelegal.com; and </li>
<li>I've written a book!
My book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Comic Art, Creativity and the
Law</i>, has just been published<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>by
Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, a U.K. based textbook publisher. The book,
which features original cover art by noted graphic artist Darick Robertson,
examines the impact of contract law, copyright law, tax law and obscenity law
on the creative process as applied to comic art. It discusses a variety of
cases involving comic art, ranging from the copyright termination rights
battles over Superman and many of the characters in the Marvel Universe (the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siegel and Shuster v. D.C</i>. cases, and
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kirby v. Marvel</i> case), to the
parody cases involving the Winter Brothers and the Air Pirates comic books. </li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE8KPHO3d9282x3c7QhDj3qQB4OHZjkHoFE9sT0tvQMbghRi5WciYf8e3-Zm-QrjZMZat2TzJluuxhAHq-4m3Qt3_vkEtZABd6BNSQxRI9R_HmG6Z62fIpfnXtO38swmLx7ext_fXLMOM/s1600/9781781954928-thumb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE8KPHO3d9282x3c7QhDj3qQB4OHZjkHoFE9sT0tvQMbghRi5WciYf8e3-Zm-QrjZMZat2TzJluuxhAHq-4m3Qt3_vkEtZABd6BNSQxRI9R_HmG6Z62fIpfnXtO38swmLx7ext_fXLMOM/s1600/9781781954928-thumb.jpg" /></a></div>
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The
hard copy version will be released in the U.S. in August. The European version
is available on the Elgar website at <a href="http://www.e-elgar.com/bookentry_main.lasso?id=15187">http://www.e-elgar.com/bookentry_main.lasso?id=15187</a>.At
slightly over $100, the hardback is targeted primarily to the library and other
institutions market. A much more reasonably priced version ($40), as an ebook,
is available at <a href="http://www.ebooks.com/searchapp/searchresults.net?term=comic+art%2C+creativity+and+the+law.">http://www.ebooks.com/searchapp/searchresults.net?term=comic+art%2C+creativity+and+the+law.</a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
My thanks to everyone who helped with the book, particularly series editors
Shubha Ghosh and Robin Malloy, and endorsement writers Justin Hughes, Mark
Lemley, Peter Yu and Rob Salkowitz. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With all of this work done, it's time to
return to blogging! And there is much to write about, with new SCOTUS decisions
in copyright and related fields, and much more. I am also getting ready to
return to San Diego for the International Comic-Con, where I'll be speaking on
two panels - a Comic Arts Conference panel with Rob Salkowitz on Thursday morning;
and a return to the Comic Book Law School panel on Saturday morning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Blog posts to follow - stay tuned!</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-16123404738184737812012-07-17T21:52:00.002-07:002012-07-17T21:52:22.920-07:00Comic-Con Ramblings Part 1 - Law School at the Con; Robot Chicken and the Parody/Satire Dichotomy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Comic Book Law School - </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I've
been attending comics conventions around the country for over a decade, and
have spent the last five years speaking as a lawyer and scholar on the
intersection of comics and the law. The past two years I have been a panelist
on the hot topics panel portion of the three-day Comic Book Law School program
presented at the San Diego International Comic-Con - billed as the largest such
convention in the world. My friend and colleague, Beverly Hills IP attorney
Michael Lovitz, does the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pro bono</i>
service of offering this program to attendees (a mixed bag of lawyers, artists
and fans) every year.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Each year I participate I am reminded that those of
us in legal education, or in active practice representing relatively savvy clients
in IP matters, tend to lose sight of how for many members of society, the basic
principles of IP law are a mystery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Popular myths are persistent (i.e.: you can obtain the legal protection
of copyright by mailing a copy of the work to yourself), and there is often
confusion as to what a copyright protects - the idea/expression dichotomy is a
source of much confusion.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Given the increasing importance IP has in society,
it may be worthwhile for colleges, and possibly high schools (yes, even in this
cash-strapped time for public education), to offer training in basic IP law
(copyright, trademark, patent, trade secret, unfair competition and right of
publicity) in an array of concentration areas in their curriculum. IP issues
are important in the Business Administration field;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Computer Science;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Political Science; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and in all aspects of arts education, ranging
from music to film. Law schools and local bar associations should encourage
faculty and IP practitioners to offer talks, lectures and classes in their
areas of expertise, to shed much needed light about these subjects.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Robot Chicken and the Parody/Satire
dichotomy - </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Robot Chicken is a stop-motion animated
television series created by Seth Green and Matthew Senreich, which airs as
part of the Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming. The show makes me laugh often, and cringe occasionally. The creators and writers presented a hilarious panel at last week's Comic-Con.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The IMDb industry website
characterizes the show's non-stop sketches as "satire", and the
Wikipedia entry calls the program a "parody" show.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason for the confusion is that it
offers a bit of both forms of content. Using toys, action figures and dolls,
the sketches skewer pop culture in a broad array of contexts, from movies, to
television, reality shows to comics. Celebrity voices add to the wicked sense
of humor, with the celebrities often showing the good sense to participate in
episodes that poke fun at themselves. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In between the intentionally juvenile barf and fart
jokes can be found mordantly funny and sometimes dark or dry humor that
parodies popular movies, television and related media, as well as sketches that
satirize pop culture trends (the sketch which takes four popular children's
toys in the My Little Pony series, and recasts them as the Four Ponies of the Apocalypse
comes to mind). From a teaching standpoint, the show offers a great opportunity
to illustrate the difference between parody and satire, as well as an
opportunity to showcase the principle that the First Amendment exists not just
to protect content we enjoy, but also material that we find offensive - as the
content of this program is often likely to offend at least some, if not most,
of its viewers at one point or another - no one and nothing is immune from its
reach.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Of interest also is the fact that despite the
sometimes very dark tone of its parodies and satires, the creators of Robot
Chicken have not apparently been sued, neither for copyright infringement, nor
a violation of rights of publicity, or of defamation (their parodies of Paris
Hilton and Lindsey Lohan are particularly provocative). This may be, at least
in part, due to what has become known as the Streisand effect - the idea that
suing might bring more unwelcome attention to the defendant's conduct, and that
the better tactic is to simply wait out the fifteen minutes of fame the parody
will draw, before the fickle public and media moves on.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In my next Comic-Con related blog post,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will address violence by fanatic fans at
the Con, and I'll summarize the state of comics censorship and the ongoing work
of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund...stay tuned till then. </span></div>Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-47568209264133561462012-07-01T20:00:00.002-07:002012-07-01T20:00:28.963-07:00Notes on Alec Baldwin, Rights of Privacy and Publicity, Paparazzi, and Decency<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Actor Alec Baldwin's been having a real up and down
life recently - his career is hot due to his popular role on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">30 Rock</i>, and he's just married a woman
who seems to have helped him turn his personal life and habits around. On the
negative side, he's gotten into two well-publicized battles with paparazzi -
consistent with conflict he has had with them for many years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In one of the recent fights, Baldwin apparently got
upset because paparazzi were blocking the street in front of his home waiting
to photograph him, and when a neighbor complained to a photographer, she was
cursed out by him. Baldwin interceded, and got the usual response that the pap
had First Amendment rights to be on a public sidewalk to take photos of
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The general rationales supporting paparazzi activity
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unhappiness, and that the newsworthiness of obtaining photos of celebrities
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This last point is usually framed as an argument
that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy available to anyone in a
public space. While stalking laws have been used to enforce celebrity rights to
be free from stalkers entering their homes, or repeatedly calling or texting
them, it takes a particularly egregious case to support a "distance
injunction" preventing a photographer from being too close to a subject - <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">see, e.g.,</i> the case of Jackie Kennedy
Onassis versus Ron Galella, in which a court issued a stay away order directing
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">While courts have repeatedly found that there is no
right of privacy expectation in public space, this isn't really the point. The
idea that your choice of occupation must be made at a cost of having your own
personal space being constantly invaded, as well as that of your friends,
family, and neighbors, just seems wrong to decent people. If privacy rights are
not a valid means of addressing this, then we need to consider other remedies,
perhaps sounding in tort for harassment, assault, or related offenses. Fine
actors, politicians and others have been driven out of their chosen careers by
this conduct. We as a society built on laws can do better than this, and we
need to. </span></div>Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-16841840042714647982012-06-06T21:32:00.001-07:002012-06-06T21:32:09.445-07:00Win Some, Lose Some - Google, Copyright and the Courts<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the span of six days, Google has lost and won key
decisions in two important copyright cases it is a party to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On May 31, in its class action battle against
the Authors Guild, it lost the certification fight when Judge Denny Chin
granted certification status to the plaintiffs. On June 5th, Google won big
when Judge William Alsup found that its use of Sun Microsystem's API code,
which now belongs to Oracle, was a fair use.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The class certification in the Authors Guild case
(No. 05 Civ. 8136, USDC S.D.N.Y.) is an interesting development. Last year,
Judge Chin rejected an amended version of the proposed settlement agreement, citing,
among other reasons, that the proposed class might not be able to adequately
represent the very diverse interests of different kinds of authors. Prof. Pam
Samuelson of Berkeley Law School had authored a letter signed by many law
professors, noting that writers of academic scholarly works were more
interested in the widespread distribution of their works, rather than income -
a concern Judge Chin acknowledged in rejecting the settlement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">However, in last week's decision, Judge Chin
summarily dismissed the "adequacy of representation" argument by
noting that authors who don't feel that their interests can be represented in
this action can simply opt out of the class. This is a weak argument in that
these authors are, as a group, far less likely to bring a suit against Google
for copyright infringement given their limited damages and the costs associated
with litigation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It remains to be seen whether any party will appeal
this certification decision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under FRCP
Rule 23(f), an interlocutory appeal could be filed at this point in the
litigation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The next step in the case will be cross-motions for
summary judgment on the issue of whether Google's downloads are fair use. Given
some of Judge Chin's statements in his decisions to date, there is some
speculation that a reason he granted certification was that he intends to find
that Google's actions were not not fair use - a decision that would render moot
any objections by possible class members as to the adequacy of representation.
The motions will be filed this summer, with a hearing scheduled for September.
This is a key copyright case to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keep an
eye on.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In its litigation with Oracle, Google's fair use
argument succeeded. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At issue was
Oracle's claim that Google, in using Sun's application programming interfaces
(APIs) in its Android mobile operating system, infringed the copyright in the
interface software. Google argued that the API is so basic and fundamental to
carry out a system of commands that finding infringement was too
"sweeping" a proposition, and that the APIs were just outside of the
scope of copyright protection. The web industry breathed a collective sigh of
relief on this one.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As for Oracle, they come up with a big goose egg in
this case - losing on both their copyright and patent infringement claims, and
incurring what are likely to be some pretty hefty legal fees in the process. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-12135449844279646442012-05-19T15:02:00.000-07:002012-05-19T15:02:21.389-07:00To Register or Not to Register Copyright in Legal Briefs - That is the Question<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Like many
questions in the law, the answer is a conditional one - maybe, and maybe not.
The question is not a new one, but the ease of distribution afforded to digital
media has brought it to the fore once again. In <i>White v. West Publishing Corporation et al, </i>Case No. 12-1340 filed
in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York, a class action
suit filed by several subclasses of lawyers is challenging the right of
Lexis-Nexis and West Publishing to collect (usually via download) legal briefs
filed in cases, and then repackage them for sale, presumably to other lawyers.
In a ruling issued on May 16th, U.S. District Court Judge Jed Rakoff dismissed
the claim of the subclass of lawyers who had failed to register their briefs
with the Copyright Office, on the grounds that, as he put it, "The statute
is unequivocal that completing registration or pre-registration is a
prerequisite to filing a claim". </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Judge
Rakoff's order does not address the validity of the claims of the other
putative subclass - comprised of lawyers who did register their briefs.<span> </span>While this decision, on its merits, seems
unremarkable and consistent with long-established legal precedent, it does
re-open the debate about the merit of the underlying claim - that lawyers have
a right to, and should exercise their right, to register copyright ownership in
their legal briefs. This presents the more interesting issues for discussion.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">My review of
previous commentary in this debate disclosed that two principal arguments seem
to be advanced in opposition to registration - 1) all filings with a court are
a matter of public record, which in turn means that briefs filed instantly go
into the public domain, making registration impossible; and 2) absent someone
directly copying a brief in its entirety, any subsequent re-packaging of a
legal brief is a fair use, and therefore defensible against a subsequent infringement
claim.<span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The fact
that court filings are a matter of public record doesn't mean that the contents
of those filings are placed in the public domain. This is true of the legal
briefs filed, and is made more evident if you consider that attachments to
those briefs, particularly in intellectual property cases, often include
material clearly protected by copyright registration. Filing a lawsuit claiming
infringement of a motion picture script, where that script is attached as an
exhibit to the complaint, doesn't result in a waiver of copyright protection
for that script, merely because the script, as an exhibit, is now part of the
public record. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The fair use
argument presents a more complex problem, meriting a more detailed analysis. Is
the nature of the use, in a legal brief, a commercial use, or a non-profit use?
Is the use transformative? Is the nature of the work creative, thereby
warranting greater protection? As is often the case in fair use defenses, it is
impossible to posit a bright line answer to these questions, leaving lawyers to
fall back to the dreaded "each case has to be separately analyzed on its
own merits" answer, which gives little guidance to a practitioner faced
with the decision of whether to raise the defense.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The fourth prong
of fair use analysis, the effect of the use on the market for the original
work, poses even more difficulties regarding legal briefs. The brief is not
sold as a good itself, but rather represents the result of billable hourly
work, which includes compensation for the research required, the time spent
drafting and editing the brief, and the skill and experience of the author.
None of these elements are subject to copyright protection. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Moreover,
the attorney who drafts the brief is generally not in the business of selling
the brief as an independent good, and the work is largely tailored to the
specific facts of the case or needs of the client. Which of course raises
another issue usually not discussed in this debate - while attorney work
product belongs to the attorney, does the client have any ownership interest in
the work which was created based on their case or need, and for which they paid
the cost of its creation? And given these issues, is there really a strong
argument that can be made that lawyers have an interest in marketing these
briefs? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Since most
of what is found in a legal brief isn't subject to copyright protection (ie:<span> </span>the facts of the case, the case citations and
the facts and quoted language from those authorities, the text of relevant
statutes and prior orders in the case; the research efforts of counsel, and
related items), what is left is the prose used by counsel to present the
argument. It seems unlikely that the interest in this prose has enough value to
make assertion of a protectable copyright interest worth pursuing - unless the
universality of the issue and the high quality of the prose attracts the
interest of an aggregator like Lexis-Nexis or West, who are thereafter able to
make a sufficiently grand net profit from the resale of the text to warrant the
claim.<span> </span>Sounds unlikely to me - so let's
wait to see the outcome of this class action suit to see if the District Court
agrees.</span></span></div>Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-63524415871595071092012-05-10T22:26:00.002-07:002012-05-10T22:26:23.252-07:00Comics, Courts and Controversy<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">I'm back after an unexpectedly long hiatus. Part of the reason for my absence is the effort I've devoted to completing a lengthy new law review article: <i>Comics, Courts and Controversy: The Cases of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</i>, which has just been published by the Loyola Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review. You can download a copy at: http<a href="http://elr.lls.edu/" target="_blank">://elr.lls.edu. </a></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Here's the abstract for the article: </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Cartoons
and comics have been a part of American culture since this</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">nation’s
formation. Throughout that lengthy history, comics and cartoons</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">have
also been a subject of controversy, censorship, legislation, and litigation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">They
have been viewed as a threat to society and a cause of juvenile</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">delinquency;
they are scandalous, indecent, and obscene. The Comic Book</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Legal
Defense Fund (“CBLDF”), a New York-based non-profit organization,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">provides
legal defense for comic artists, collectors, distributors, and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">retailers
who face civil and/or criminal penalties for the creation, sale, and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">ownership
of comics, cartoons, graphic novels, and related works.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
Introduction to this article charts the history of the comic art form</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">and,
in particular, its history in the United States. This section offers a</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">summary
of the first efforts to restrict the content of comics via investigations</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">and
Congressional hearings fueled by the dubious psychology and social</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">science
theories of Dr. Frederic Wertham. These theories offer an example</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">of the
kind of misguided fears that currently augment attacks on the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">comic
art form today. Finally, the Introduction explains the origin of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">CBLDF
due to the prosecution of a comic storeowner.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
second section of the article provides a detailed discussion of <i>Mavrides</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>v. Franchise Tax Board</i>.
In <i>Mavrides</i>,
comic creator Paul Mavrides,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">co-author
of the notorious underground comic <i>The Fabulous Furry Freak</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Brothers</i>, successfully battled the California
Franchise Tax Board over the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">taxation
of comics. As a result, independent comic artists were free of undue</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">tax
burdens that otherwise would have limited their ability to continue to create</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">comics
with edgy political and social commentary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
third section of the article focuses on the principal type of case the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">CBLDF
has worked on for the past two decades—fighting the U.S. Justice</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Department
and local state prosecutors’ efforts to censor the content of</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">comics,
usually by alleging that the content is obscene or indecent. In particular,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">the
section focuses on the cases of Gordon Lee, a Georgia-based distributor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">prosecuted
for allegedly distributing an obscene graphic novel to a</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">minor,
and Christopher Handley, an adult prosecuted under the PROTECT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Act
for the mere possession of allegedly obscene Manga comics.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
final section of the article argues that the current American jurisprudence</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">imprisons
creators, distributors, and collectors for the ideas they</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">express
in graphic formats. It argues that the Supreme Court was wrong</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">when
it decided that obscene materials are outside of the protection of the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">First
Amendment. Unfortunately, this decision has had a tremendous impact</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">on the
rights of comic creators, distributors, and collectors. Furthermore,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">the
rationale for criminalizing explicit sexual material, to protect children</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">from
the alleged harm exposure to these materials causes, is flawed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
absence of any definitive proof of that harm leads to the recommendation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">that
at the very least, penalties for the creation, distribution, and ownership</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">of comics and cartoons with sexual
content must be de-criminalized.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">I hope you take the time to read it, and send me comments via this blog, or directly to me at mgreenberg@ggu.edu. Now that I'm back, more posts to come in the near future! </span></span></div>Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-29460242575242718572011-10-03T00:13:00.000-07:002011-10-03T00:16:05.500-07:00Seeing Red: Professor Susan Scafidi's Insights on the Louboutin v. YSL decision; and Other Highlights of the 10th Annual IP Law Conference at GGUFordham Law Professor Susan Scafidi, founder and director of the nonprofit Fashion Law Institute, spoke to an SRO crowd on Friday at the 10th Annual Conference on Recent Developments in IP Law and Policy, presented by the IP Law Center of Golden Gate University. Her topic - the controversial decision by USDC Judge Victor Marrero denying injunctive relief sought by famous shoe designer Christian Louboutin against Yves Saint Laurent America, Inc. for the latter's alleged infringement of Louboutin's signature trademark red soles on its designer shoes. YSL's defense challenged the validity of Louboutin's registered mark. According to Prof. Scafidi, the decision in Louboutin v. YSL, 11 Civ. 2381 (VM) (USDC. SDNY, 8/10/11), is already in the process of being appealed to the Second Circuit.<br /><br />Judge Marrero's decision is another judicial foray into the dangerous and ill-defined waters of aesthetic functionality, an area of trademark law that confounds many courts and legal scholars. Here, he finds that "in the fashion industry color serves ornamental and aesthetic functions vital to robust competition", leading to his conclusion that the Louboutin trademark, even if the red sole has acquired secondary meaning, should not have been registered, and had this been a motion for summary adjudication, he would have cancelled the registration.<br /><br />Prof. Scafidi was critical of several key aspects of the decision: she opined that it overlooks and fails to follow key elements of the Supreme Court's decision in Qualitex v. Jacobson, 514 U.S.159 (1995); that it unduly downplays the significance of the acquired distinctiveness and secondary meaning doctrines; that it discouraged trade dress protection across industries; and that it takes the U.S. another step away from harmonization with Europe on this issue.<br /><br />The question of whether, and in what circumstances, a single color may serve as a valid trademark for goods and services has bedeviled many courts and trademark scholars for years. <br />It remains to be seen whether, through the appellate process, the dispute of these high end shoe designers will finally provide the platform (an admittedly bad pun) for a court to offer a definitive answer to this question.<br /><br />Other noteworthy presentations at this years' Conference included Prof. Cynthia Ho (Loyola University Chicago School of Law), who offered fascinating insights into the difficult problems facing diverse stakeholders in the intersection between patent holders and the needs of public health in the global economy. She was candid in her acknowledgment that answers to these issues are hard to find, and offered attendees a cogent analysis of the competing interests. The similarly difficult set of issues involving rights of privacy in personal identity data were the focus of an engrossing presentation by in-house counsel for McKesson (Sharon Anolik) and TrustE (John Tomaszewski). The fast paced world of online gaming was also explored in presentations by Neil Smith (Ropers Majeski), Sharon Zezima (Electronic Arts), Shawn Faust (formerly with Booyah), and Jennifer Lam (Zynga). The Conference kicked off with a timely review of the key features of the America Invents Act, presented by veteran patent attorneys Robert Morrill and Justin Beck.<br /><br />Planning begins Monday on next year's Conference. Don't miss it! For updates, see www.gguiplc.com.Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-13604003771534547592011-09-26T12:22:00.000-07:002011-09-26T12:28:47.871-07:00GGU IPLC's 10th Annual IP Conference 9/30/11Golden Gate University's IP Law Center hosts the 10th Annual Conference on Recent Developments in IP Law and Policy on Friday, September 30th from 9-5:15 in Room 2201 on the Mission Street campus in San Francisco. Six hours of MCLE credit for $75 for attorneys, only $35 for alumni, and $14 for students. Sign up at www.gguiplc.com. Featured speakers and panels include Fordham Law Prof. Susan Scafidi, Director of the nation's only Fashion Law Institute; a panel of online game company counsel, including in-house counsel from Zynga and other leading companies; two panels on patent law reform; and a panel on privacy and medical records. Don't miss this great event!Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-91616160381331576592011-07-17T14:45:00.000-07:002011-07-17T15:01:12.846-07:00Of Trolls and Underground Comix<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:";font-size:100%;" >A series of recent articles in legal news and the popular press have focused on a very unfortunate new way for generating income from copyright ownership - the concept of copyright "trolls". The most recent source of this concept appears to be based on the well known tactic in the patent field, whose perpetrators became known as "patent trolls" - a term referring to companies or individuals who acquire rights to patents for the sole purpose of waiting for some unsuspecting person (and in some instances perhaps not so unsuspecting) to make use of the patent, which leads the troll to threaten a lawsuit, followed quickly by a relatively low-cost, nuisance value settlement </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:";font-size:100%;" >proposal. I suppose the "troll" reference comes from fantasy literature - the troll as a creature who waits under or on a bridge, exacting tribute in exchange for the right to pass.<br /><br />In the copyright context, the troll owns, either as a result of their own creation, or by acquisition, rights to a copyright protected work, usually a song, movie, book or piece of software. If their work is the subject of widespread unauthorized downloads, the trolls send out hundreds of demand letters, threatening suit for intentional copyright infringement and citing the maximum statutory recovery sum of $150,000, followed by a low-dollar settlement demand. This activity seems to be imitative of the infamous effort of the Recording Industry Association of American's to put a halt to illegal downloads by threatening costly copyright infringement suits, and offering to settle for $3500. In one article I saw, an elderly woman received such a threatening letter, apparently based on her having an unsecured wireless access point in her home, that someone else was using to download unauthorized content. Paying the settlement demand is often the path of least resistance, since hiring counsel to defend a case is usually more expensive than the amount demanded.<br /><br /></span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:";font-size:100%;" >In addition to the obvious unfairness of this practice in those cases where the accused is ignorant of the use of their wireless portal, or even worse, is simply innocent, this practice has an even more pernicious impact. It is likely to have a negative impact in the hearts and minds battle to get people to stop violating copyright via unauthorized downloads and/or uploads. The content industries: music, movies and books face constant criticism that they are greedy and that their products are too high priced and deliver poor quality work - negative publicity about copyright troll abuses doesn't help.<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKrDpDMSs5bgZ02QrfMh1BjvpJa6TeX2XO4xXFkjcPM6IsrPr1OMNsUMcHNnq3xEpOfTNCBRtbG-5shRQdD8308U3kwkAHlL7reTpiPFTmsXwpTe-E3PzZL2Xje4pDw22OJ5fgVKMQaLk/s1600/cyclops_200.png"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKrDpDMSs5bgZ02QrfMh1BjvpJa6TeX2XO4xXFkjcPM6IsrPr1OMNsUMcHNnq3xEpOfTNCBRtbG-5shRQdD8308U3kwkAHlL7reTpiPFTmsXwpTe-E3PzZL2Xje4pDw22OJ5fgVKMQaLk/s200/cyclops_200.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630443323006489490" border="0" /></a><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:";font-size:100%;" >And now for a shameless plug. My wife Kim Munson is a partner in a new company, Comic Art</span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:";font-size:100%;" > Productions and Exhibits, found at <a href="http://www.cape-comicart.com">http://www.cape-comicart.com</a>. The company, working with app developer Toura, LLC., has launched a great app for IPad (and soon to be released on Android and IPhone as well) that explores the world of underground comix. The app is called <span style="font-style: italic;">Comix Classics for iPad</span>, you can find it at <a href="http://itunes.apple.com/app/comix-classics-underground/id448563049?mt=8">http://itunes.apple.com/app/comix-classics-underground/id448563049?mt=8</a>; and it is described as:<br /><br />"Experience —or re-live— the turbulent '60s and ‘70s with this brilliant collection of art from the era’s wild underground comix and graphic novel scene! Featuring: R. Crumb, Art Spiegelman, Will Eisner, Harvey Kurtzman and scores of others."<br /><br />Now for the fun part - the ITunes store requires that you must be over 17 to buy the app, because it features the following: Infrequent/Mild Simulated Gambling; Frequent/Intense Sexual Content or Nudity; Frequent/Intense Mature/Suggestive Themes; Frequent/Intense Alcohol, Tobacco, or Drug Use or References; Frequent/Intense Cartoon or Fantasy Violence; Frequent/Intense Profanity or Crude Humor.<br /><br />I can't imagine a better marketing campaign. Check it out - and if you're the first person to identify the speaker of the audio track narration, you'll win a prize!<br /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-size:100%;" > </span></p>Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-91130910563509173722011-06-28T12:39:00.000-07:002011-06-28T14:03:23.085-07:00Save the Children - Thoughts on the Impact of Media on Children<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:130%;" >The Supreme Court's decision, announced yesterday, finding that California's legislative attempt to ban violence in video games violated the First Amendment rights of children to access creative works, regardless of the levels of violence or brutality found in those works, contains some strong language favoring freedom of expression.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The Court held that while states can protect children from harm, they have no "free-floating power to restrict the ideas to which children may be exposed". </span></p> <p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:130%;" >The Court rightly reasoned that imposing this kind of restriction on video games was the proverbial slippery slope - because violence exists in many forms of media, including classic stories like Snow White, and Saturday morning cartoons.</span></p> <p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:130%;" >The Court also had to address the issue of why, since it had upheld laws restricting minors access to sexually explicit material, it should not extend that same logic to violent material.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Justice Scalia, writing for the majority of five justices, rejected that argument, noting that unlike hard-core pornography, there is no "long-standing tradition in this country of specially restricting children's access to depictions of violence".<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He also rejected the argument that children viewing violence in media has any causal link to violent behavior. At best, that research simply shows that some children have more feelings of aggression after playing the games - but there is no direct correlation between those feelings and any action being taken by the players. </span></p> <p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:130%;" >The Court's decision follows a long line of cases rejecting a causal connection between video games and other violent media and children's violent or aggressive behavior. Ten years ago I participated in a Silicon Spin television debate with an attorney who had filed a lawsuit against a series of videogame companies on the theory that watching violent video games caused the shooters in the Columbine massacre to become violent mercenaries.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The suit was subsequently dismissed for lack of proof of a causal link.</span></p> <p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:130%;" >In her excellent essay in the June 26th issue of the New York Times Magazine, entitled "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Ninny State</i>', Emily Bazelon points out that this is the same debate that in 1954 led Congress, based on the alleged "scientific" evidence of Dr. Fredric Wertham, to investigate whether violent comic books were a primary cause of juvenile delinquency. Fifty-six years of comic book censorship, which ended just this year, had no effect on juvenile delinquency; however those who would rather find media the cause of violence, instead of the harder social issues to solve, like poverty, illiteracy, joblessness, under-supported schools and teachers, racial and other forms of discrimination, continue with laws like this California statute to scapegoat media - it's an easier target.</span></p> <p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:130%;" >Bazelon notes that there is an overwrought level of fear that parents have about the effect on their children of what they see and participate with in social media.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>She points out that the overall rates of child sex crimes and of teen sex are down since the 1990s, as are juvenile crime, school violence and teen fighting.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>She quotes David Finkelhor, director of the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire, who calls the gap between parents anxiety and reality "juvenoia" , which he says reflects an "exaggerated fear about the influence of social change on children". </span></p> <p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height:115%;font-size:130%;" >So while I agree with the Supreme Court's rejection of the California statute, I question the distinction Justice Scalia makes between media depictions of violence, and depictions of sexual activity.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The social science claiming a causal link between depictions of sexual conduct in media, and behavior, by adults and children, is as equally fuzzy, vague and unsupported as the link between violent media and content.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I am presently writing a law review article on this subject, and will share more of the results of my research in future blog posts and in the article, which 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<w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%">Spanish web company Puerto80 filed suit recently in U.S. District Court in New York against the U.S. Government over the seizure, by the Department of Homeland Security and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), of its popular sports forums Rojadirecta.org and Rojadirecta.com, which were used to exchange links for live streams of U.S. sporting events.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Presumably, the government action was based on the possibility that some of the linked sites were operating in violation of the sports leagues copyright ownership rights.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%">Puerto80 has successfully defended itself against similar claims made in home courts in Spain. In the U.S. lawsuit, filed by the Durie Tangri LLP law firm, which includes Stanford IP Law Professor Mark Lemley, Puerto80 denies any liability for any copyright infringement, both as to civil and/or criminal liability.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%">A significant issue in the case is the use by the Government of seizure law to shut down the URLs without any prior hearing.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>While this allows the government to<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>act quickly on behalf of copyright owners, it arguably does deny due process rights to companies that may have a valid defense.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Secondary liability cases are fraught with complexity (see last year's Viacom v. Google case for an example), and taking away the right to present a defense until after a seizure has occurred may result in significant financial losses (although Rojadirecta can still be found at Rojadirecta.es, the company claims to have lost 30% of its traffic as a result of the seizure of the URLs).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%">Setting aside the criminal law claims, I wonder why the civil law seizures don't require at least an ex-parte hearing procedure, with notice to the other side, and an opportunity to be heard, similar to injunction and claim and delivery proceedings in civil law.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I'll be keeping an eye on this one, and will update this blog as the case develops.</span></p>Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-37463116652229736422011-06-08T13:52:00.000-07:002011-06-08T13:57:37.868-07:00Free Speech 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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">There has always been a connection between intellectual property and the right of free speech:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>sometimes the two are in conflict, usually in the context of copyright law versus free speech, and sometimes they work in tandem, as when intellectual property rights lend support to the right of free expression.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This connection allows me to comment on free speech matters, despite the fact that the primary focus of this blog is on intellectual property rights.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Two recent controversies reflect how free speech rights are being invoked to protect conduct which strains the fabric of society and the need for citizens to consider the moral consequences of their actions. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">In Alamogordo, <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>New Mexico, Greg Fultz commissioned and put up a highway billboard ad showing him holding the outline of an infant. The text next to the picture reads. "This Would Have Been A Picture Of My 2-Month Old Baby If The Mother Had Decided To Not KILL Our Child".<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Nani Lawrence, the ex-girlfriend, has filed suit against Fultz for harassment and invasion of privacy. She also asserts that she did not have an abortion, and that the loss of her infant was the result of a miscarriage. Fultz' defense is that under the recent holding in the Westboro Baptist Church case, he has a right of free speech which allows him to post this admittedly unpopular and offensive billboard.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">The ongoing debate over whether circumcision is a valid medical procedure has spawned an online comic featuring a handsome, muscular superhero called Foreskin Man, battling an evil Monster Mohel.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The Monster is depicted as a dark, bearded Jew in Orthodox garb (a bearded man wearing a black hat, prayer shawl and a long black coat) looming over a naked child on a table. A mohel is a Jew trained to perform religious circumcision on babies.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The author of the comic, Matthew Hess, acknowledges that he sees himself as Foreskin Man, noting that he and his character are both of German ancestry and have light-colored hair.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Hess and associates are the driving force behind a ballot measure in San Francisco's upcoming election which makes circumcision done within the city limits a misdemeanor subject to a $1000 fine, even if it is done for religious reasons.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A previous cartoon, released last summer, that depicted an evil Doctor Mutilation, who circumcised boys for medical reasons drew far less attention than the Monster Mohel version.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Jewish leaders have responded to the new comic, branding it as anti-Semitic. Hess acknowledges that his purpose in creating the comic is to ruffle feathers; <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>he claims that he is not an anti-Semite - he is just opposed to any person who circumcises children, regardless of the reason. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">In an article about the controversy written by Will Kane and published in SFGate.com on June 7th, USF Professor Corey Cook offers his view of Hess' comic: "Whatever the intent, these images are certainly working to get attention...I do think these will start conversations (about circumcision), but I am not sure it is the conversations these people want us to be having."</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">In his famous 1978 graduation address at Harvard, author Alexander Solzhenitsyn decried the absence of morality in our legally oriented society.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>He noted: </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>"If one is right from a legal point of view, nothing more is required, nobody<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>may mention that one could still not be entirely right, and urge self-restraint, <span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>a willingness to renounce such legal rights, sacrifice and selfless risk: it<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>would sound simply absurd. One almost never sees voluntary self-restraint.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>...</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>A society which is based on the letter of the law and never reaches any <span style="mso-tab-count:1"></span>higher is taking very scarce advantage of the high level of human<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>possibilities.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>...</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>The defense of individual rights has reached such extremes as to make <span style="mso-tab-count:1"></span>society as a whole<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>defenseless against certain individuals. It is time, in the<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>West, to defend not so much human rights as human obligations."</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Solzhenitsyn makes a very important point.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I can't say as a matter of law that what Fultz and Hess have done is not a valid exercise of their First Amendment rights, although I have my doubts on that score.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What I can say with certainty is that they have acted without voluntary self-restraint, and in advocating their views, they further encourage the descent to a low level of human behavior, and further strain the fabric of a moral society.</span></p>Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-60117248546427929812011-05-01T15:45:00.000-07:002011-05-01T15:49:45.476-07:00More Problems with the DMCA - Fake DMCA Complaints!Whew! Sorry about the long lag in posting to my blog - its' been a jam-packed semester in the law school...much of which I'll be back to blogging about in the next few weeks. But now for a current issue that caught my eye, and perhaps yours as well:<br /><br />The troubled, and troublesome, Digital Millennium Copyright Act (aka the DMCA) is revealed as having yet another problem in a recent series of stories about Facebook. It seems that some nefariously minded third parties have been sending fake complaints and demands under the DMCA's "notice and takedown" policy, which resulted in Facebook taking down popular and well-trafficked sites.<br /><br />Some of the sites involved include Redmond Pie, Ars Technica, and Neowin (a well-known Microsoft blog). After Facebook took these sites down, their owners received a generic explanation that the site had been taken down for alleged copyright infringement, without any identification of what content was alleged to be infringing. After much hassle and email interchanges, the pages have been restored. A Facebook spokesperson sent an apology, noting that the four pages have been restored. The apology noted that no system is perfect and that they are looking into refining their system.<br /><br />The much-discussed Google v. Viacom case, which I blogged about last year, exposed serious flaws in the notice and takedown system in the context of mass, repeat uploads of user-generated, but not owned, content. This new problem presents yet another problem - it is too easy to make a false complaint, and thereby tie up and at least for a short time, take down, a valid site.<br /><br />Many commentators have opined that the DMCA is in serious need of revision. Perhaps we can hope that once Congress finishes with its current patent law reform efforts, it can turn its attention to this ever-growing problem. With Spring comes hope, so stay tuned.Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-55623928128873562202011-01-10T12:41:00.000-08:002011-01-10T12:43:43.119-08:00Sanitizing Huck Finn: A Modest ProposalThe news, reported last week by Publisher’s Weekly that NewSouth Books plans to release a version of Mark Twain’s great American novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, in which Twain’s use of the “n” word is excised and replaced with the word “slave”, and in which the word “injun” referring to Native Americans, will also be cut, has set the blogosphere on fire. This is, unfortunately, old news – it isn’t the first time, nor will it be the last, that classic works of literature have been revised for any number of reasons, including a concern that contemporary social or political views support such revisions.<br /><br />What this debate does highlight is what may be deemed a problem in our intellectual property structure with respect to the protection of the integrity of an author’s work, after the copyright term in the work expires. The problem is that to the extent, admittedly limited, that U.S. law protects the integrity and authenticity of a work of expression, that protection evaporates when the term of copyright ends and the work goes into the public domain. Right of publicity laws don’t add any protection here, as most such rights expire before the copyright term ends.<br /><br />Why is this a problem? NewSouth’s publication highlights the concern. This issue of Huckleberry Finn will not be published as a “revised version”. Readers of this version may never know the actual language Twain used, which as many commentators have noted, was not used because Twain was a racist, but rather because he was making a comment on the racism of his time. The same problem exists for other literary works: there is nothing to prevent revisionist publishers from publishing a version of works by the Bronte sisters in which their heroines exhibit more contemporary views about the roles of women; or of revised versions of Hemingway works that make his characters a bit less macho and more sensitive; or that give Kerouac’s characters jobs and a sense of social responsibility.<br /><br />How do we address this issue? While I am tempted to recommend that we extend a form of moral rights indefinitely to prevent what I view as a distortion of the original writer’s intent, I also recognize the value of re-interpreting works to reflect a different perspective, as was the case in recent years by the re-interpretation of Gone With the Wind in the parody version entitled The Wind Done Gone, told from the slave’s perspective. So my recommendation instead is that we consider legislation amending the copyright law to require publishers of “revised” versions of works in the public domain to give prominent notice, on the covers of the works, that this is a “revised” version, and that in introductory notes, the publishers explain the nature and scope of the revisions, so readers can choose whether to read the revised or original version. What do you think?Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-69710358208774735122011-01-04T14:13:00.000-08:002011-01-04T14:27:06.788-08:00Smart Phones, Privacy and the 4th Amendment: New Worries for a New YearThe California Supreme Court, in the majority's decision in the case of People v. Diaz, issued January 3rd, has given privacy advocates a new worry for the new year. The majority rejected a 4th Amendment challenge to the reasonableness of a warrantless search of a cell phone text message folder in a drug arrest case. The majority opinion, written by Justice Chin and joined by Justices Kennard, Baxter, Corrigan and Retired Chief Justice Ron George, citing the Supreme Court's decision in U.S. v. Robinson (1973) 414 u.s. 218, 224, held that the phone's database, found on the person of the defendant, could be searched without a warrant because the search was "incident ot a lawful arrest". The rationale for this exception to the 4th Amendment's bar against warrantless searches is that that evidence might be destroyed or concealed by the defendant if the property remains "within his immediate control". Because a cell phone can be carried in a person's pocket or purse, the majority distinguished this case from U.S. v. Chadwick (1977) 433 U.S. 1, wherein a warrantless search of a 200 lb. footlocker was thrown out as violative of 4th Amendment rights.<br /><br />Justices Werdeger and Moreno strongly dissented, arguing that today's smart phones are essentially mini-computers that can store vast amounts of personal data, the search of which violates privacy rights. Interesting case - it means that if you are arrested for a DUI for example, police have the right to search the entire database of your cellphone without a warrant. Seems wrong, and I think the dissent is right. U.S. District Court Judge Ilston has ruled to the contrary in a federal case, and the Ohio Supreme Court has also rejected such searches. The U.S. Supreme Court may see this one - stay tuned.<br /><br />New Year's Resolution: Blog more! Happy New Year to all readers, new and old!Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-36647935355671514652010-11-24T13:44:00.000-08:002010-11-24T13:46:27.771-08:00Oracle v. SAP AG: A Chilling Effect? Not LikelyOn this chilly day before Thanksgiving, Oracle Corporation got a holiday present when a federal jury in Oakland awarded the company $1.3 billion in damages for its copyright infringement suit against German software giant SAP AG. The case focused on the intentional copying and use of Oracle’s software by TomorrowNow, a former division of SAP. TomorrowNow offered maintenance services and support software for customers of companies Oracle had acquired. Turns out in order to perform those services; TomorrowNow had downloaded, without Oracle’s permission, Oracle software – a clear and unambiguous copyright infringement. <br /><br />Oracle sued, and before trial began, SAP admitted the copying and liability for infringement, which left only the amount of damages as the focus of the trial. Oracle sought $2.3 billion, SAP claimed the award should be limited to 40 million. So it appears the jury compromised and awarded damages in the middle of the range at issue.<br /><br />Some commentators are concerned that this verdict, the largest in 2010 and, according to the San Francisco Chronicle story about the case, the 23rd largest verdict of all time, may have a chilling effect on companies seeking to develop new innovations in software, because of concern about being sued for infringement. <br /><br />I’m dubious about that concern. This was, from all accounts, an egregious, indefensible case of blatant infringement. Companies that engage in this kind of conduct, when caught in the act, should indeed be concerned that they will be tagged with a big judgment against them. However, many jurisdictions allow for intermediate copying to occur as a company develops new products, provided the copied software is not used in any way in the product ultimately developed. Even in those jurisdictions that preclude intermediate copying, a fair use defense may still aid a defendant.<br /><br />Given the nature of the conduct of SAP in this case, while the award sets a record, its importance as precedent is more likely to be limited.Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-29393058972528243202010-11-14T13:54:00.000-08:002010-11-14T13:59:54.155-08:00Digital History – Are We All Public Figures?In his <em>The Public Editor</em> column in the November 14, 2010 New York Times, writer Arthur S. Brisbane casts a critical eye on the a bicycle/pedestrian accident in which 87-year old Claire Menagh was recently knocked down and injured on a quiet New York City street. The operators of the two bicycles which ran into her were a four-year old girl and a five-year old boy. Media reports of the incident named each of the children, and their parents, after Ms. Menagh’s Estate (she died three months after the accident, of unrelated causes) sued the children for damages resulting from negligence, and their parents (also named in the media) for negligent supervision.<br /><br />Mr. Brisbane, in his Public Editor role, asks whether the Times was right to publish the children’s names. He posed this question to various editors with the Times, who noted that the names were in the public record via the lawsuit, and that other news organizations had previously listed the names in their reporting. They also pointed out that since the case didn’t deal with criminal law claims, nor did it deal with the sexual exploitation of children, the prohibitions on naming children that those instances trigger did not apply to this story.<br /><br />Critics of the Times’ decision, also profiled by Mr. Brisbane, note that once these children’s names appear in the online universe in this context, this public record is never erased, and will dog them for the rest of their life. “When we stigmatize them by using their names, we say that childhood in America ends at 4-years old”, says the Rev. Emma Jordan-Simpson, Executive director of the Children’s Defense Fund-New York.<br /><br />Therese Bottomly, managing editor for readership and standards at The Oregonian in Portland, summarizes the impact the digital revolution has on the decision whether to publish children’s names in these cases:<br /><br />“I used to think short-term about what effect coverage might have on a child returning the next week to a classroom, say, and whether that should be a consideration. Now, we think about the ramifications if a would-be employer or college admissions counselor searches for a kid 10 years down the road”.<br /><br />This case is directly relevant to the issue of privacy protection versus a shared life approach – the latter being a lifestyle choice many people have chosen in the Facebook and related social network milieu many live in today. While I, and other academics who teach in the area of Internet and related hi-tech law, routinely counsel students to be careful what they upload to social network sites because employers now regularly do Google and Facebook searches, even we fail, I think, to consider the long term impact of this digitally open and recorded lifestyle. The idea of re-inventing yourself to move past youthful indiscretions or poor choices may become less available in a world where your digital history becomes inescapable. This is an effect of these shared lives that many of us, with our eye only on the next month or year, may come to regret only when it is too late. Will we come to a tipping point where we realize we have offered, as some call it, TMI (Too Much Information)?<br /><br />As is often the case with the excesses of technology in the digital age, there is a social tendency to look to the law and the legal system for a fix for this problem. However, there are some concerns the law is poorly suited to address, and I suspect this is one of them. Attempting to ban or limit, through legal strictures, user-generated content is a losing battle. It is far more likely that it will take many more cases like the Menagh case before the battle for people’s hearts and minds on these privacy issues may be won, and the value of limiting what people share will begin to be embraced, perhaps by a generation yet to come.Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-88997529851101827122010-11-07T17:41:00.000-08:002010-11-07T17:45:03.677-08:00Report on the GGU IPLC Annual ConferenceOn Friday November 5th, the Golden Gate University IP Law Center presented our 9th Annual Conference on Recent Developments in IP Law and Policy. The day long conference, held in Room 2201, attracted over 70 participants. Highlights included an electrifying presentation by U.C. Davis Professor Madhavi Sunder based on her upcoming work “IP: YouTube, MySpace, Our Culture”, and an engrossing panel of online gaming attorneys from Electronic Arts, Zynga and NAMCO BANDAI Games America.<br /><br />Center Co-Directors Bill Gallahger and I, joined by Assoc. Prof Chester Chuang, our third IP Law faculty member, wish to acknowledge and thank the Townsend law firm for its generous financial support of the conference. Thanks are also due to Dean Ramey and the Dean’s Office administrative staff for its support. Our presenters and panelists, some of whom traveled from Irvine, Los Angeles and Davis, gave generously of their time and expertise, which is also greatly appreciated. Grad Law program coordinators Natascha Fastabend, Brad Lai and Tiptira Rammaniya provided valuable support as well. A special thanks is reserved for Justin Reid, Administrative Assistant for the IP Program – he did an exceptional job handling the myriad administrative tasks critical to making the conference a success. And lastly, we tip our hats to the twenty student volunteers who worked long and hard to make the event the success it was.<br /><br />Planning for next year’s conference begins Monday!Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-70615551943284404332010-10-31T20:06:00.000-07:002010-10-31T20:08:11.047-07:00Upcoming Events and Blogs (Shameless Plugs Category – Low-Cost, High Quality MCLE!)The IP Law Center at Golden Gate presents the Ninth Annual Recent Developments in IP Law and Policy Conference at Golden Gate University all day (9-5 p.m.) Friday, November 5th, at the GGU campus at 536 Mission Street in San Francisco. The Conference features panels on recent developments in trademark and patent law, an hour of ethics for IP practitioners, and a cutting edge panel on online gaming, featuring panelists from Zynga and Electronic Arts, and moderated by veteran copyright lawyer Neil Smith. The program offers 6 hours of MCLE credit for $75 for attorneys, $35 for GGU alums, and $15 for current students (which just about covers the box lunch cost!)<br />Tickets can be purchased online at https://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/132795, or on the day of the event. For further information, email Justin Reid at jreid@ggu.edu. <br /><br />Ninth Circuit Chief Judge Alex Kozinski speaks on April 11th, 2011. The IP Law Center at Golden Gate University School of Law is pleased to present to the Bay Area IP law community a rare opportunity to hear remarks by Ninth Circuit Chief Judge Alex Kozinski regarding IP law and important trends in federal IP law jurisprudence. Judge Kozinski will present these remarks as the third speaker in the IPLC’s Distinguished IP Law Speaker series, in a program free to the public, held at the GGU campus from 6:30-7:30 on April 11th. This is a not-to-be-missed opportunity to hear from one of the leading jurists in the nation, whose probing and sometimes caustic commentary on IP issues routinely makes headlines and is studied by academics and practitioners alike.<br /><br />Last but not least, two new blog posts follow this one, and I’ve got a few more in the works. Its’ been a bit of a blogging dry spell since my September posts, but with the planning of the IP Conference now completed, I can now address a backlog of blog topics that have been waiting patiently on my desk – including commentary about the violence in video games case (Schwarzenegger v. Entertainment Merchants Assoc.), and the future of copyright, including my review of the fascinating analysis and proposals included in a forthcoming article on this subject by a consortium of contributors assembled by Berkeley Prof. Pamela Samuelson, and a discussion of the SFIPLA panel on the subject, in which Mark Radcliffe and I offered divergent forecasts. Stay tuned!Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-44008514823283160362010-10-31T20:04:00.000-07:002010-10-31T20:06:47.171-07:00Digital Sweatshops: A New Global Labor Law ChallengeIn his Digital Domain column in the October 31, 2010 Business Section of the New York Times, Silicon Valley author and business professor Randall Stross writes about the growing business of widely distributed repetitive task work in the online universe. Pioneered in 2005 by Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk service, the business involves software apps which, per Stross, “carve a given task into microscopically small pieces, like transcribing a hand-written four-digit number in a tiny rectangle on a form”, a task which Stross points out presents a problem for text-recognition software, and thus is more efficient if performed by hand.<br /><br />Such work is referred to as “microtasking”, and businesses pay a few cents per completed task, such as 2 cents for finding the contract information for 7500 hotels, or 3 cents for each answer regarding an inventory of about 9,400 toys. CloudCrowd in San Francisco offers work for “garble hunters” who find translation errors and are paid 20-25 cents per word. <br /><br />Law professor Miriam A. Cherry has written of this practice, and has a new article forthcoming in the Georgia Law Review, entitled A Taxonomy of Virtual Work, in which she raises concerns about this kind of “virtual work”, and how it will raise new issues, and renew old issues, for labor unions and employers. In an earlier article on this subject she notes that Chinese “gold farmers” who are hired to play online games for long hours to earn “gold”, forms of virtual currency that allow gamers to move up levels, are paid low wages for the effort, and for whom the “game” is anything but fun.<br /><br />This is once again an example of how developments in the online universe continue to present, in new contexts, legal issues that require the IP legal community to analyze their contexts, to see if existing law can address the issues, or if sui generis approaches are needed. Stay tuned…we are just touching the surface of this issue.Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-23775185925651373672010-10-31T20:01:00.000-07:002010-10-31T20:04:26.457-07:00Viacom v. YouTube: Further Thoughts on DMCA Section (512(c)(3)(A)(ii), the Representative List Dilemma, and a SolutionWhew! What a long title – admittedly clunky, but accurate. At this weekend’s State Bar of California IP Law Section’s 35th Annual Intellectual Property Institute, I attended an excellent panel with a similarly long title: UGC on a Global Stage: International Update on Secondary Liability for Copyright Infringement. Moderated by James Nguyen of the Beverly Hills office of Wildman Harrold Allen & Dixon, the panel’s focus was on how secondary liability for UGC (user generated content) was being addressed in countries throughout the world. The discussion began with an insightful presentation by Melinda Mehringer, Senior Vice-President, Content Protection Litigation, Fox Entertainment Group, which summarized the UGC issues in the U.S., exemplified principally by the decision in the Viacom v. Google, YouTube et al. litigation.<br /><br />I have previously discussed this case (see my July 1, 2010 blog posts) and voiced my concern that the DMCA notice and takedown process was a poor fit for UGC comprised of multiple uploads of the same or similar content. The inability of ISPs to locate posts via the “Representative List” process offered by DMCA Section (512(c)(3)(A)(ii) left content providers in the difficult situation of having to identify, by individual URL, each infringing post – a burdensome task when a work is posted and reposted multiple times. In subsequent commentary about the case that I offered on a panel at the Fall ABA conference in San Francisco, I noted that the use of hash marks as a form of pre-upload filtering was not much of a solution, since the hash marking systems only worked for identical content – which meant that any YouTube posting that added or mashed up content would escape detection.<br /><br />I was reassured, and a bit horrified, to find Ms. Mehringer reaffirming the view that the notice and takedown system wasn’t working in the UGC context. She noted that in the first half of 2010, Fox Entertainment had sent out seven million (7,000,000) takedown notices! This is a staggering number of notices, and makes it abundantly clear that we need a better system to allow content owners to protect their work. Ms. Mehringer noted, in a conversation we had following her presentation, that the entire suite of different types of pre-upload filtering systems now in use by YouTube and other ISPs are allowing content owners to identify up to 85% of infringing content, but the burden of sending out notices, particularly in the kinds of numbers she cited, remains untenable. <br /><br />All of this puts me to mind of Prof. Lawrence Lessig’s discussion, in the first version of his book, Code, and Other Laws of Cyberspace, that to effect change in the online universe, four different modalities must be involved: Code (or architecture), Law, The Market, and Social Normative change. While filtering systems and threats of legal enforcement may help address UGC infringement issues, the absence of any economic consequences, and more importantly, the failure to convince users that infringement is a social harm, likely means that this battle will continue, to the detriment of the creative community. <br /><br />Coming up with a solution to this dilemma is a challenge for all of us in the IP community – so consider the gauntlet thrown readers – how do we solve this?Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-29406291047812935612010-09-11T15:22:00.000-07:002010-09-11T15:26:52.274-07:00Social Pressure and the Law: Craigslist’s “Adult Services” and Zynga’s Business PracticesLiving and working in the Bay Area, a place where you can find people who care deeply about anything and everything, offers a front row view of the impact social pressure can have, often despite the legal nature of the conduct at issue. Two different online companies are experiencing that pressure now, and their response to it may reflect the power such pressure can wield.<br /><br />Craigslist, the popular online resources/classified ad site, has faced a steady stream of criticism for years over listings that critics claim are thinly disguised advertisements for sex for hire services by prostitutes (both male and female). Politicians like Rep. Jackie Speier (D-Hillsborough, CA) and possible South Carolina gubernatorial candidate Henry McMaster have launched investigations and threatened lawsuits over what they characterize as websites like Craigslist being used to “facilitate criminal activity”. Craigslist’s CEO, Jim Buckmaster, points out that censoring the postings on the site, or forcing it to close down its “Adult Services” pages, won’t really address the social concerns over this kind of activity. Rather, he points out, all a closure will do is cause the companies and individuals advertising to move their ads to offshore websites, or to other sections of Craigslist, such as the “Personals” section. Critics of the closure advocates also note that ads of this nature have run for over fifty years in alternative newspapers (see the Bay Guardian and SF Weekly in Northern California for examples), without drawing similar pressure.<br /><br />Despite the fact that no one claims that the First Amendment doesn’t protect these listings, and that Craigslist only starting charging for these ads when it was pressured to do so by a group of attorneys general, and that it donated the funds received to charity (until charities started publicly refusing to accept the donations), the pressure on the company continued. In the spring of 2009, Craigslist started manually reviewing all of the Adult Services postings, and reported any that seemed to indicate the involvement of underage persons to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Once again, these measures didn’t appease the critics, nor did they stop the media pressure and threats of litigation and criminal charges. <br /><br />Finally, last week Craigslist threw in the towel, first slapping a “censored” label over the Adult Services section, and then removing the entire section from the site. <br /><br />In a similar social pressure vein, SF Weekly, one of those alternative newspapers with a prominent “Adult Entertainment” section laden with ads for escorts, phone sex, massage services and strip clubs, featured in its September 8-14 issue, a cover story by Peter Jamison about Zynga, the creator of Farmville, a hugely popular online game. The cover illustration features a farmer in overalls, wearing a black Zorro-like mask, carrying a pitchfork and a bag of money, with a pink pig looking on with a caption over the pig’s head that reads “WTF?”, a reference I assume needs no translation. The title on the cover page reads: “Zynga Has a Simple Business Formula: Steal Someone Else’s Game. Change Its Name. Make Millions. Repeat.” A pull quote in the middle of a page of the article, attributed to a former employee, reads: “Zynga’s Motto is ‘Do Evil’. I Would Venture to Say It Is One of the Most Evil Places I’ve Run Into.” <br /><br />This all sounds pretty ominous. It is only deep in the article that Jamison acknowledges that nothing that Zynga is doing is illegal or constitutes copyright infringement or any other violation of intellectual property rights. Rather, the accusation is that the company is very aggressive in exploiting unprotected ideas for games developed by competitors, and essentially building a better mousetrap by focusing on the social networking appeal of these games (virtually all Farmville players play the game through their Facebook connection). Its’ hard to tell what the goal of this attack piece is – other than to assert that Zynga has committed the sin of being aggressively capitalist, instead of fostering innovation in the game universe. If the point is to attempt to get Zynga to moderate its conduct via social pressure, despite the legal nature of that conduct, it is again a bit troubling, as are the efforts of the Craigslist critics. <br /><br />All participants in these conflicts, of course, have the absolute right to make their divergent viewpoints known, and to use whatever media platforms are available to them to present those views. However, when the expression of those views spills over into threats of litigation, criminal prosecution and thinly supported attacks on business reputation, despite an absence of any evidence of a violation of IP or other laws, then we begin to cross the line from free expression into coercion – a line 1st Amendment protectors need to be vigilant to preserve – always reminding critics that the 1st Amendment isn’t in place to protect speech we like – rather it is there to protect speech we don’t like.Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-19171481191968396642010-09-11T15:20:00.000-07:002010-09-11T15:22:17.194-07:00Is It a Sale or a License? Ninth Circuit Sides With Autodesk – The First Sale Doctrine Doesn’t Apply to a LicenseIn a decision filed yesterday, the Ninth Circuit reversed the USDC (Western Dist. Of Washington) in the long-running litigation between Timothy Vernor and Autodesk, Inc. Vernor purchased used copies of Autodesk’s AutoCAD Release 14 software from one of Autodesk’s direct customers and resold the copies on eBay. The problem, the Ninth Circuit found, was that those direct customers didn’t own the software – they merely licensed the right to use it from Autodesk, according to the terms that governed the original transaction. Since the customer didn’t own the software, they couldn’t lawfully sell it to Vernor, and thus Vernor couldn’t count on the first sale doctrine to protect his subsequent sale of it on eBay.<br /><br />If this decision withstands a possible en banc review or Supreme Court challenge, it may offer a more definitive set of standards for evaluating cases that arise out of the long-standing debate over whether software licensing agreements are true leases or are merely disguised sales agreements. The Ninth Circuit opinion devotes considerable space to a review of the Wise and MAI trio of cases, and rejects, again in significant detail, the arguments advanced by Vernor and amicus supporters of his position. The opinion may be reviewed at http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/09/10/09-35969.pdf.Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599789911357203959.post-59113541208186637132010-09-11T15:17:00.000-07:002010-09-11T15:18:29.566-07:00Microsoft Co-Founder Paul Allen Sues Everyone!In a fifteen page patent infringement suit filed in United States District Court for the Western District of Washington at Seattle, Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen alleges that AOL, Apple, Ebay, Facebook, Google, Netflix, Office Depot, Officemax, Staples, Yahoo and YouTube have all violate four key patents owned by Interval Research, an idea lab he owned some years ago. <br /><br />The patents involved focus on functions central to e-commerce, such as the ability of a site to monitor what a consumer is looking at in real-time, and recommend related products; the ability to refer readers of a news story to related stories, and the ability to stream news updates and stock quotes on webpages. Not surprisingly, Microsoft, which may also be using these claimed patents, is not named in the suit.<br /><br />The patents at issue were granted between 2000 and 2004. This was a difficult period for the Patent Office with respect to online applications patents. The Office lacked depth in their team of examiners as far as online software applications, and in some cases may have granted patents whose claims were based on prior art that was not fully understood at the time. A classic earlier example of this problem was the patent originally granted to Random House for “multimedia” – a patent which the Office later withdrew when the industry rose up in protest and proved that the claims were not new, or novel.<br /><br />The first line of defense in most IP infringement claims is to challenge the validity of the underlying grant or claim, and it looks like that is the path defendants will take in this case as well. I’ll be keeping an eye on this one, as a win for Allen will have far reaching impact on the digital world.Prof Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00228282739614016801noreply@blogger.com0